Earth's CO2 Home Page
Atmospheric CO2
October 2023
418.82
parts per million (ppm)
Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii (NOAA)
Preliminary data released November 5, 2023
Keeling Curve Monthly
CO2 Data
NOAA Trends in atmospheric CO2
Scripps UCSD Keeling Curve + Scripps CO2 Program
CO2.earth (reposted data) Daily CO2 | Weekly CO2 | Monthly CO2 | Annual CO2
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Global Temperatures
September 2023 Global Temperatures
+1.72°C
Warmest September since 1880
CSAS / GISS data retrieved November 10, 2023
- The global average surface temperature in September 2023 was 1.72°C above the average for the pre-industrial comparison period of 1880-1920.
- September 2023 was the warmest September since 1880.
Global Monthly Average Temperatures
1880 to Present Relative to 1880-1920 Baseline Average
(a better proxy for pre-industrial temperatures)
This graph by Columbia University replaces the traditional 1951-1980 baseline period with 1880-1920 for the reasons given in "A Better Graph." The graph is produced by Climate Science, Awareness, and Solutions at Columbia University, and also available as a PDF. A monthly data table for recent years is published by CSAS.
This graph compares global monthly temperatures in recent years with global record-high temperaturtes. It is available in PDF and accessible on the source Global Temperature page on the Columbia University website.
Monthly global temperature data and reports
This global temperature update originates from Climate Science, Awareness and Solutions (CSAS) in the Earth Institute at Columbia University, New York, USA. The update presents an analysis by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) of near-global temperature data from 1880 to 2022.
This CO2.Earth page is prepared independently. However, reasons for featuring global temperature comparisons with averages for 1880-1920 period are explained in the 2016 paper, A better graph by Dr. James Hansen and Dr. Makiko Sato.
Source data and related information are linked below.
Columbia Climate School / CSAS / GISS Temperature & climate data and information
- Recent data Monthly global temperature changes relative to 1880-1920 base period (from NASA GISS analysis)
- Reports Monthly & annual reports since 2015: Global temperatures (Hansen, Sato & Ruedy)
- Links More CSAS climate data, research, books and other links (Sato & Hansen)
NASA GISS Source data analysis
- Data Global temperature index relative to 1951-1980 baseline
- Info Surface temperature analysis (GISTEMP)
- Info Updates regarding the NOAA GHCN v4 and ERSST v5. analysis of global temperature data
- Info & data More NASA Goddard datasets & images
NOAA NCEI Source dataset information
- Global historical climatology network monthly (GHCNm) dataset
- Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST) dataset
NOAA-NCEI Global temperature updates and climate analysis
*Note: NOAA-NCEI reports temperature increases relative to the 20th Century global average surface temperature, not pre-industrial levels.
2022 Global Temperature
+1.16°C
Relative to the 1880-1920 average
5th warmest year since 1880
The global average temperature in 2022 was 1.16°C warmer than the baseline average for 1880-1920. It is the 5th warmest year on record since 1880. Annual temperature and ranking data are posted as a table by CSAS at Columbia University.
CSAS Earth Institute annual update: January 13, 2022
"Global surface temperature in 2021 (see figure above) was +1.12°C (~2°F) relative to the 1880-1920 average in the GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies) analysis.
"2021 and 2018 are tied for 6th warmest year in the instrumental record. The eight warmest years in the record occurred in the past eight years. The warming rate over land is about 2.5 times faster than over the ocean. The irregular El Nino/La Nina cycle dominates interannual temperature variability, which suggests that 2022 will not be much warmer than 2021, but 2023 could set a new record. Moreover, three factors:
- accelerating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
- decreasing aerosols,
- the solar irradiance cycle will add to an already record-high planetary energy imbalance and drive global temperature beyond the 1.5°C limit – likely during the 2020s.
"Because of inertia and response lags in the climate and energy systems, the 2°C limit also will likely be exceeded by midcentury, barring intervention to reduce anthropogenic interference with the planet’s energy balance.
>> Source: Global Temperatures in 2021; Hansen, Makiko & Ruedy
Columbia Climate School / CSAS / GISS Annual temperature data & analysis
- Recent data Annual global temperature relative to 1880-1920 & ranking: recent years (from NASA GISS analysis)
- Report Global temperature in 2021 (Hansen, Sato & Ruedy)
Recent Annual Global Temperature Reports
Columbia Climate School / CSAS / GISS 2021 2020 2019
Regional Temperature Changes
Berkeley Earth Cities (temperature changes since 1960)
Berkeley Earth Countries | (emissions and temperature changes to 2020 with projections for 2100)
Recent Annual Global Temperature Reports
Acceleration in Global Warming
Columbia University Reports Observed Acceleration in Global Warming
Paper by J. Hansen and M. Sato
December 14, 2020
Global temperature and Niño3.4 SST (through to November 2020)
December 14 2020: Abstract
"Record global temperature in 2020, despite a strong La Niña in recent months, reaffirms a global warming acceleration that is too large to be unforced noise – it implies an increased growth rate of the total global climate forcing and Earth’s energy imbalance. Growth of measured forcings (greenhouse gases plus solar irradiance) decreased during the period of increased warming, implying that atmospheric aerosols probably decreased in the past decade. There is a need for accurate aerosol measurements and improved monitoring of Earth’s energy imbalance.
"November 2020 was the warmest November in the period of instrumental data, thus jumping 2020 ahead of 2016 in the 11-month averages. December 2016 was relatively cool, so it is clear that 2020 will slightly edge 2016 for the warmest year, at least in the GISTEMP analysis. The rate of global warming accelerated in the past 6-7 years (Fig. 2). The deviation of the 5-year (60 month) running mean from the linear warming rate is large and persistent; it implies an increase in the net climate forcing and Earth’s energy imbalance, which drive global warming.
>> Source: Global Warming Acceleration by Hansen & Sato, 2020
Projections for Global Temperatures in 2022
Berkeley Earth (Jan. 2022):
2022 will be "similar" or "slightly warmer" than 2021
Columbia Climate School / CSAS (Jan. 2022):
"2022 will not be much warmer than 2021, but 2023 could set a new record"
Warnings From the Recent Past
"Globally-averaged temperatures in 2015 shattered the previous mark set in 2014 by 0.23 degrees Fahrenheit (0.13 Celsius). Only once before, in 1998, has the new record been greater than the old record by this much."
~ NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies [NASA post of January 20, 2016]
Before the end of 2015, scientists projected that average global temperature increase for 2015 will exceed 1°C above pre-industrial levels. The years 1850-1900 are used as the pre-industrial baseline by the MET Office and Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia in the UK. The MET Office released this statement in November 2015:
"This year marks an important first but that doesn't necessarily mean every year from now on will be a degree or more above pre-industrial levels, as natural variability will still play a role in determining the temperature in any given year. As the world continues to warm in the coming decades, however, we will see more and more years passing the 1 degree marker - eventually it will become the norm."
~ Peter Stott
Head of Climate Monitoring and Attribution (MET Office)
CO2 vs. Sun as Global Heating Factors
The temperature and CO2 tracker below plots data which shows a correlation of changes in atmospheric CO2 levels and global average temperature. Data for solar energy outputs show no general increase to attribute to global temperature increases. This tracker is designed and maintained by Bernd Herd and inspired by scientist Stefan Rahmstorf.
